PhD dissertation on the right of self-determination of peoples in modern international law at the Jagiellonian University, Krakow (1969). Habilitation on European Security System in Statu Nascendi; in 2001 appointed Professor at the Warsaw University by the President of Poland. From July 1991 to June 2002 Director of Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI); in 1992 appointed as Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office to elaborate the settlement of the conflict in the Trans-Dniester region of Moldova. From 2000 member of the President’s National Security Council; Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Polish government from January until October 2005. Author of numerous books, monographs and articles.
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